Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data

Abstract. The restrictions implemented to contain the spread of COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021 have forced university-level educators from around world seek alternatives residential physical field trips that constitute a fundamental pillar Geoscience programmes. field-mapping course for second-year Geology BSc students Cardiff University was replaced with virtual mapping set in same area as previous years, Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain). designed aim providing methodology employed mapping, including such skills gathering discrete data at stops located along five daily itineraries. Data included bedding attitude, outcrop descriptions certain degree ambiguity, photographs and/or sketches, panoramic photos, fossil images. were provided through georeferenced KMZ files Google Earth. Students asked keep notebook, define lithological units mappable scale, identify large structures thrust faults folds aid age estimations fossils, construct geological map on hard-copy topographic map, draw stratigraphic column cross sections, plot stereonet perform structural analysis. exercise allowed successful training diverse skills. In light assessment reports student surveys, series improvements future is considered. Though incapable replacing course, could be used preparation trip.